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| Quotations - Learn | [Quote No.71765] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Only the unvarnished, unadulterated truth will allow and empower you to use your innate, individual freedom to make informed choices that suit your unique situation best. Therefore...] Better a cruel truth than a comfortable delusion.
" - Edward Abbey
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| [Quote No.71769] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Questioning doubt is the first step in the search for objective truth:] Truth is sought for itself; and in seeking that which is sought for itself one is only concerned to find it... The seeker after the truth... is not he who studies the writings of the ancients and... puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. It is thus the duty of the man who studies the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. If he follows this path, the truths will be revealed to him, and whatever shortcomings or uncertainties may exist in the discourse of those who came before him will become manifest" - Ibn al-Haytham
(circa 965 – circa 1040), Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (who was known in the West by his Latinized name Alhazen) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.
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| [Quote No.71771] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[The first step to wisdom and objective truth is to question and doubt:] The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically." - Martin Luther King, Jr.
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| [Quote No.71782] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"The game of life is the game of everlasting learning. At least it is if you want to win." - Charlie Munger
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| [Quote No.71788] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Learning - doubt, skepticism and objective rather than subjective truth = science and the scientific method for discovering, collecting and organising objective truths about subjects of interest to help well-informed choice for greater individual freedom and empowerment and less force and fraud:]
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century ... It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; the testability of hypotheses, experimental and the measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.
" - Wikipedia.com
[Please refer to the excellent article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method from which this quote is taken. Other articles are also useful for example https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method ]
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| [Quote No.71789] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Learning - doubt, skepticism and objective rather than subjective truth = science and the scientific method for discovering, collecting and organising objective truths about subjects of interest to help well-informed choice for greater individual freedom and empowerment and less force and fraud:] < br/>
--THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD < br/>
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When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if/then statement) that is designed to support or contradict a scientific theory. < br/>
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“As a field biologist, my favorite part of the scientific method is being in the field collecting the data,” Jaime Tanner, a professor of biology at Marlboro College, told Live Science. “But what really makes that fun is knowing that you are trying to answer an interesting question. So the first step in identifying questions and generating possible answers (hypotheses) is also very important and is a creative process. Then once you collect the data you analyze it to see if your hypothesis is supported or not.” < br/>
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--The steps of the scientific method go something like this, according to Highline College: < br/>
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Make an observation or observations. < br/>
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Form a hypothesis -- a tentative description of what’s been observed, and make predictions based on that hypothesis. < br/>
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Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment that can be reproduced. < br/>
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Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or reject the hypothesis or modify the hypothesis if necessary. < br/>
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Reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies between observations and theory. < br/>
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“Replication of methods and results is my favorite step in the scientific method,” Moshe Pritsker, a former post-doctoral researcher at Harvard Medical School and CEO of JoVE, told Live Science. “The reproducibility of published experiments is the foundation of science. No reproducibility -- no science.” < br/>
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--Some key underpinnings to the scientific method: < br/>
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The hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, according to North Carolina State University. Falsifiable means that there must be a possible negative answer to the hypothesis. < br/>
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Research must involve deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of using true premises to reach a logical true conclusion while inductive reasoning uses observations to infer an explanation for those observations. < br/>
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An experiment should include a dependent variable (which does not change) and an independent variable (which does change), according to the University of California, Santa Barbara. < br/>
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An experiment should include an experimental group and a control group. The control group is what the experimental group is compared against, according to Britannica. < br/>
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--HYPOTHESIS, THEORY AND LAW < br/>
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The process of generating and testing a hypothesis forms the backbone of the scientific method. When an idea has been confirmed over many experiments, it can be called a scientific theory. While a theory provides an explanation for a phenomenon, a scientific law provides a description of a phenomenon, according to The University of Waikato. One example would be the law of conservation of energy, which is the first law of thermodynamics that says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. < br/>
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A law describes an observed phenomenon, but it doesn’t explain why the phenomenon exists or what causes it. “In science, laws are a starting place,” said Peter Coppinger, an associate professor of biology and biomedical engineering at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. “From there, scientists can then ask the questions, ‘Why and how? ’” < br/>
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Laws are generally considered to be without exception, though some laws have been modified over time after further testing found discrepancies. For instance, Newton’s laws of motion describe everything we’ve observed in the macroscopic world, but they break down at the subatomic level. < br/>
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This does not mean theories are not meaningful. For a hypothesis to become a theory, scientists must conduct rigorous testing, typically across multiple disciplines by separate groups of scientists. Saying something is “just a theory” confuses the scientific definition of “theory” with the layperson’s definition. To most people a theory is a hunch. In science, a theory is the framework for observations and facts, Tanner told Live Science." - Alina Bradford
Live Science Contributor [Please refer to the article this quote is taken from https://www.livescience.com/20896-science-scientific-method.html ]
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| [Quote No.71790] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Learning - doubt, skepticism and objective rather than subjective truth = science and the scientific method for discovering, collecting and organising objective truths about subjects of interest to help well-informed choice for greater individual freedom and empowerment and less force and fraud:] --< br/>
Deductive reasoning vs. inductive reasoning < br/>
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Here’s a look at the differences between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, with examples of each type of scientific reasoning. < br/>
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You don’t have to be Sherlock Holmes to use your powers of deductive reasoning … or would that be inductive reasoning? < br/>
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So what’s the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? < br/>
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During the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical and true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also commonly used. People often confuse deductive reasoning with inductive reasoning; however, important distinctions separate these two pathways to a logical conclusion. < br/>
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What is deductive reasoning? < br/>
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Deductive reasoning, also known as deduction, is a basic form of reasoning. It starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to Norman Herr, a professor of secondary education at California State University in Northridge. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories, which predict certain outcomes if they are correct, said Dr. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, a researcher and professor emerita at Albert Einstein College of Medicine [who has published over 300 scientific articles, as well as a book on medical research methods]. < br/>
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“We go from the general -- the theory -- to the specific -- the observations,” Wassertheil-Smoller told Live Science. < br/>
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In deductive reasoning there is a first premise, then a second premise and finally an inference (a conclusion based on reasoning and evidence). A common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements -- a major premise and a minor premise -- together reach a logical conclusion. For example, the major premise “Every A is B” could be followed by the minor premise, “This C is A”. Those statements would lead to the conclusion “This C is B”. Syllogisms are considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the argument is valid. < br/>
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For example, “All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs. ” For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the statements, “All spiders have eight legs” and “a tarantula is a spider” are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class. < br/>
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Deductive conclusions are reliable provided the premises are true, according to Herr. The argument, “All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather ”, is valid logically, but it is untrue because the original premise is false. < br/>
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What is inductive reasoning < br/>
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While deductive reasoning begins with a premise that is proven through observations, inductive reasoning extracts a likely (but not certain) premise from specific and limited observations. There is data, and then conclusions are drawn from the data; this is called inductive logic, according to the University of Illinois in Springfield. < br/>
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“In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory”, Wassertheil-Smoller told Live Science. “In science, there is a constant interplay between inductive inference (based on observations) and deductive inference (based on theory), until we get closer and closer to the ‘truth’, which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete certainty.” < br/>
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In other words, the reliability of a conclusion made with inductive logic depends on the completeness of the observations. For instance, let’s say that you have a bag of coins; you pull three coins from the bag, and each coin is a penny. Using inductive logic, you might then propose that all of the coins in the bag are pennies. “Even though all of the initial observations -- that each coin taken from the bag was a penny -- are correct, inductive reasoning does not guarantee that the conclusion will be true”. < br/>
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Here’s another example: “Penguins are birds. Penguins can’t fly. Therefore, all birds can’t fly.” The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements. < br/>
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Nevertheless, inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method, and scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning then allows them to apply the theories to specific situations. < br/>
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Deductive reasoning examples < br/>
Here are some examples of deductive reasoning: < br/>
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Major premise: All mammals have backbones. < br/>
Minor premise: Humans are mammals. < br/>
Conclusion: Humans have backbones. < br/>
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Major premise: All birds lay eggs. < br/>
Minor premise: Pigeons are birds. < br/>
Conclusion: Pigeons lay eggs. < br/>
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Major premise: All plants perform photosynthesis. < br/>
Minor premise: A cactus is a plant. < br/>
Conclusion: A cactus performs photosynthesis. < br/>
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Inductive reasoning examples < br/>
Here are some examples of inductive reasoning: < br/>
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Data: I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. < br/>
Hypothesis: This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard. < br/>
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Data: I tend to catch colds when people around me are sick. < br/>
Hypothesis: Colds are infectious. < br/>
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Data: Every dog I meet is friendly. < br/>
Hypothesis: Most dogs are usually friendly. < br/>
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What is abductive reasoning < br/>
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Another form of scientific reasoning that diverges from inductive and deductive reasoning is abductive. Abductive reasoning [also called abduction, abductive inference, or retroduction] usually starts with an obviously incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the data, according to Butte College in Oroville, California. It is based on making and testing hypotheses using the best information available. It often entails making an educated guess after observing a phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation. < br/>
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For example, a person walks into their living room and finds torn-up papers all over the floor. The person’s dog has been alone in the apartment all day. The person concludes that the dog tore up the papers because it is the most likely scenario. It’s possible that a family member with a key to the apartment destroyed the papers, or it may have been done by the landlord, but the dog theory is the most likely conclusion. < br/>
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Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be tested. Abductive reasoning is often used by doctors who make a diagnosis based on test results, and by jurors who make decisions based on the evidence presented to them." - Alina Bradford, Mindy Weisberger
Live Science Contributors [Please refer to the article this quote is taken from https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html ]
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| [Quote No.71791] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Learning - doubt, skepticism and objective rather than subjective truth = science and the scientific method for discovering, collecting and organising objective truths about subjects of interest to help well-informed choice for greater individual freedom and empowerment and less force and fraud:]
In science, there is a constant interplay between [INDUCTION] inductive inference (based on observations, where we go FROM THE SPECIFIC TO THE GENERAL. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory) and [DEDUCTION] deductive inference (based on theory, where we go FROM THE GENERAL -- the theory -- TO THE SPECIFIC -- the observations), until we get closer and closer to the ‘truth’, which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete certainty." - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
She is a distinguished university professor emerita, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (Epidemiology) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. She’s led large national studies on women’s health, heart disease and stroke prevention, and has published over 300 scientific articles, as well as a book on medical research methods. [Please refer to the article this quote is taken from https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html ]
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| [Quote No.71792] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Learning - doubt, skepticism and objective rather than subjective truth = science and the scientific method for discovering, collecting and organising objective truths about subjects of interest to help well-informed choice for greater individual freedom and empowerment and less force and fraud:]
All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it. [We make observations and define terms (and both of these can be put into classes of similar experiences and meanings. These classes can be arranged so they have opposite and exclusive classes. Then these classes can be included into a bigger more general class -- ie hot -- cold = temperature. Each of the classes can be subdivided - analysed into smaller classes that they include and sometimes classes intersect for example in Venn diagrams.) These observations can then be generalised into general statements or theories in a process of inductive (and abductive) reasoning (including guessing for example by correlation or metaphor and analogy). Then these general statements can be turned into a hypothesis statement using an ‘if... then...’ structure using deductive reasoning and this can then be tested. So initial observations become theories which become hypotheses which are then tested by further observations.] " - Albert Einstein
Famous physicist
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| [Quote No.71797] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Life-skills, knowledge, attitudes and wisdom; learning; individual freedom and personal responsibility; existentialism; evolve:-] Man is born as a freak of nature, being within nature and yet transcending it. He has to find principles of action and decision making which replace the principles of instinct. He has to have a frame of orientation that permits him to organize a consistent picture of the world as a condition for consistent actions. He has to fight not only against the dangers of dying, starving, and being hurt, but also against another danger that is specifically human: that of becoming insane [irrational, depressed, unhappy, etc]. In other words, he has to protect himself not only against the danger of losing his life but also against the danger of losing his mind. The human being, born under the conditions described here, would indeed go mad if he did not find a frame of reference which permitted him to feel at home in the world in some form and to escape the experience of utter helplessness, disorientation, and uprootedness. There are many ways in which man can find a solution to the task of staying alive and of remaining sane. Some are better than others and some are worse. By ‘better’ is meant a way conducive to greater strength, clarity, joy, independence; and by ‘worse’ the very opposite. But more important than finding the better solution is finding some solution that is viable." - Erich Fromm
(1900 - 1980), humanistic philosopher and psychologist. Quote from his 1968 work, ‘The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology’.
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| [Quote No.71807] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"What you can imagine depends on what you know!" - Daniel Dennett
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| [Quote No.71811] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Know yourself to improve yourself." - Auguste Comte
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| [Quote No.71816] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Life-skill; future planning, existentialism; etc:-] I would say that everyone at some point wants to know what life is about and why they are here. To inspire your own thoughts about the meaning of life for you and-or others, it is useful to consider how others have answered this question in the past and for that I can recommend the brief but comprehensive overview in the article ‘The Meaning of Life’ in the online wikipedia encyclopedia." - Seymour@imagi-natives.com
[Please refer to wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life ]
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| [Quote No.71829] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Everyone has a right to his own opinion, but no one has a right to be wrong in his facts." - Bernard M. Baruch
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| [Quote No.71866] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"...it is only by reflection that one can assimilate what one has read. If one reads straight ahead without pondering over it later, what has been read does not take root, but is for the most part lost." - Arthur Schopenhauer
Philosopher
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| [Quote No.71899] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Everything’s got a moral, if only you can find it." - Lewis Carroll
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| [Quote No.71903] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Nature’s laws affirm instead of prohibit. If you violate her laws, you are your own prosecuting attorney, judge, jury, and hangman. " - Luther Burbank
(1849-1926), horticulturist.
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| [Quote No.71904] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"If people knew how hard I worked to get my mastery, it wouldn’t seem so wonderful after all." - Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564), sculptor, painter, architect and poet.
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| [Quote No.71927] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Satisfaction of one’s curiosity is one of the greatest sources of happiness in life." - Linus Pauling
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| [Quote No.71930] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Learning is not attained [just] by chance, it must [also] be sought for with ardor and diligence." - Abigail Adams
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| [Quote No.71937] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Doubt-skepticism and the questions this inspires begin the journey to a clear view of objective truth and reality:] The more clearly we see the reality of the world, the better equipped we are to deal with the world. The less clearly we see the reality of the world - the more our minds are befuddled by falsehood, misconceptions and illusions - the less able we will be to determine correct courses of action and make wise decisions. Our view of reality is like a map with which to negotiate the terrain of life. If the map is true and accurate, we will generally know where we are, and if we have decided where we want to go, we will generally know how to get there. If the map is false and inaccurate, we generally will be lost." - M. Scott Peck
Quote from his book, ‘The Road Less Traveled’, published 1978.
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