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| Quotations - Learn | [Quote No.51026] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"There are two mistakes one can make along the road to truth - not going all the way, and not starting." - Buddha
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| [Quote No.51029] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Gnothi seauton. [Greek for the most famous maxim from the Oracle at Delphi in ancient Greece, 'Know Thyself'.]" - Oracle at Delphi
From ancient Greece.
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| [Quote No.51035] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Be skeptical:]
Things are seldom what they seem,
Skim milk masquerades as cream." - William Schwenck Gilbert
(1836 – 1911), English dramatist and librettist best known for his operatic collaborations with the composer Arthur Sullivan. This is a quote from the First Lord's Song in 'H.M.S. Pinafore' (1878).
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| [Quote No.51037] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Self-growth is tender; it's holy ground. There's no greater investment." - Stephen Covey
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| [Quote No.51038] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Life-long learning:] Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death." - Albert Einstein
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| [Quote No.51040] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Human history is in essence a history of ideas." - H. G. Wells
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| [Quote No.51065] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"All life is experimenting and learning: 'guessing and testing!' " - Seymour@imagi-natives.com
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| [Quote No.51074] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Leave the door open for the unknown, the door into the dark. That's where the most important things come from, where you yourself came from, and where you will go. Three years ago I was giving a workshop in the Rockies. A student came in bearing a quote from what she said was the pre-Socratic philosopher Meno. It read, 'How will you go about finding that thing the nature of which is totally unknown to you?' I copied it down, and it has stayed with me since. ...The question she carried struck me as the basic tactical question in life. ...how do you go about finding these things that are in some ways about extending the boundaries of the self into unknown territory, about becoming someone else?
Certainly for artists of all stripes, the unknown, the idea or the form or the tale that has not yet arrived, is what must be found. It is the job of artists to open doors and invite in prophesies, the unknown, the unfamiliar; it’s where their work comes from, although its arrival signals the beginning of the long disciplined process of making it their own. Scientists too, as J. Robert Oppenheimer once remarked, 'live always at the ‘edge of mystery’ – the boundary of the unknown.' But they transform the unknown into the known, haul it in like fishermen; artists get you out into that dark sea.
...How do you calculate upon the unforeseen? It seems to be an art of recognizing the role of the unforeseen, of keeping your balance amid surprises, of collaborating with chance, of recognizing that there are some essential mysteries in the world and thereby a limit to calculation, to plan, to control. To calculate on the unforeseen is perhaps exactly the paradoxical operation that life most requires of us.
" - Rebecca Solnit
From her book, 'A Field Guide to Getting Lost'.
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| [Quote No.51087] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"When you talk, you are only repeating what you already know; but when you listen, you may learn something new." - Dalai Lama
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| [Quote No.51093] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"The purpose of science is not [just] to analyse or describe but to make useful models of the world. A model is useful if it allows us to get use out of it." - Edward De Bono
(1933 - ) Psychologist and Author
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| [Quote No.51094] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"The ability to perceive or think differently is more important than the knowledge gained." - David Bohm
(1917 - 1992) American Physicist and Philosopher
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| [Quote No.51102] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Increasingly constructive doubt [skepticism] is the sign of advancing civilization." - Jerome D. Frank
(1889-1957). Source: 'Law and the Modern Man', 1930.
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| [Quote No.51110] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Individualism:] The man who does not do his own thinking is a slave, and is a traitor to himself and his fellow men." - Robert G. Ingersoll
(1833-1899) American political leader, orator. Source: The Liberty of Man, Woman, and Child, by Robert Green Ingersoll, 1877.
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| [Quote No.51124] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Discussion is an exchange of knowledge; argument an exchange of ignorance!" - Robert Quillen
American journalist
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| [Quote No.51139] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"The most remarkable discovery ever made by scientists, was science itself." - Jacob Bronowski
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| [Quote No.51140] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"It is important that students bring a certain ragamuffin,
barefoot irreverence to their studies; they are not here to worship what is known, but to question it. Man masters nature not by force but by understanding. This is why science has succeeded where magic failed: because it has looked for no spell to cast over nature.
" - Jacob Bronowski
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| [Quote No.51141] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Human knowledge is personal and responsible, an unending adventure at the edge of uncertainty." - Jacob Bronowski
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| [Quote No.51146] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"It has always seemed strange to me that in our endless discussions about education so little stress is laid on the pleasure of becoming an educated person, the enormous interest it adds to life. To be able to be caught up into the world of thought -- that is to be educated." - Edith Hamilton
(1867-1963) educator and writer
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| [Quote No.51152] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Truth and faith:] If the suggestion that occurs is at once accepted, we have uncritical thinking, the minimum of reflection. To [search for Truth means to be skeptical and] turn the thing over in mind, to reflect, means to hunt for additional evidence, for new data, that will develop the suggestion, and will either, as we say, bear it out or else make obvious its absurdity and irrelevance... The easiest way is to accept any suggestion that seems plausible and thereby bring to an end the condition of mental uneasiness. Reflective thinking is always more or less troublesome because it involves overcoming the inertia that inclines one to accept suggestions at their face value; it involves willingness to endure a condition of mental unrest and disturbance. Reflective thinking, in short, means judgment suspended during further inquiry; and suspense is likely to be somewhat painful... To maintain the state of doubt [skepticism - scepticism] and to carry on systematic and protracted inquiry — these are the essentials of thinking.
" - John Dewey
From his 1910 masterwork 'How We Think'.
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| [Quote No.51153] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[The search for Truth:]
The Baloney Detection Kit: Carl Sagan’s Rules for Bullshit-Busting and Critical Thinking -
(Necessary cognitive fortification against propaganda, pseudoscience, and general falsehood):
Carl Sagan was many things — a cosmic sage, voracious reader, hopeless romantic, and brilliant philosopher. But above all, he endures as our era’s greatest patron saint of reason and common sense, a master of the vital balance between skepticism and openness. In 'The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark' (public library) — the same indispensable volume that gave us Sagan’s timeless meditation on science and spirituality, published mere months before his death in 1996 — Sagan shares his secret to upholding the rites of reason, even in the face of society’s most shameless untruths and outrageous propaganda.
In a chapter titled ‘The Fine Art of Baloney Detection,’ Sagan reflects on the many types of deception to which we’re susceptible — from psychics to religious zealotry to paid product endorsements by scientists, which he held in especially low regard, noting that they ‘betray contempt for the intelligence of their customers’ and ‘introduce an insidious corruption of popular attitudes about scientific objectivity.’ (Cue in PBS’s Joe Hanson on how to read science news.) But rather than preaching from the ivory tower of self-righteousness, Sagan approaches the subject from the most vulnerable of places — having just lost both of his parents, he reflects on the all too human allure of promises of supernatural reunions in the afterlife, reminding us that falling for such fictions doesn’t make us stupid or bad people, but simply means that we need to equip ourselves with the right tools against them.
Through their training, scientists are equipped with what Sagan calls a ‘baloney detection kit’ — a set of cognitive tools and techniques that fortify the mind against penetration by falsehoods:
The kit is brought out as a matter of course whenever new ideas are offered for consideration. If the new idea survives examination by the tools in our kit, we grant it warm, although tentative, acceptance. If you’re so inclined, if you don’t want to buy baloney even when it’s reassuring to do so, there are precautions that can be taken; there’s a tried-and-true, consumer-tested method.
But the kit, Sagan argues, isn’t merely a tool of science — rather, it contains invaluable tools of healthy skepticism that apply just as elegantly, and just as necessarily, to everyday life. By adopting the kit, we can all shield ourselves against clueless guile and deliberate manipulation. Sagan shares nine of these tools:
1. Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the ‘facts.’
2. Encourage substantive debate on the evidence by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view.
3. Arguments from authority carry little weight — ‘authorities’ have made mistakes in the past. They will do so again in the future. Perhaps a better way to say it is that in science there are no authorities; at most, there are experts.
4. Spin more than one hypothesis. If there’s something to be explained, think of all the different ways in which it could be explained. Then think of tests by which you might systematically disprove each of the alternatives. What survives, the hypothesis that resists disproof in this Darwinian selection among ‘multiple working hypotheses,’ has a much better chance of being the right answer than if you had simply run with the first idea that caught your fancy.
5. Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis just because it’s yours. It’s only a way station in the pursuit of knowledge. Ask yourself why you like the idea. Compare it fairly with the alternatives. See if you can find reasons for rejecting it. If you don’t, others will.
6. Quantify. If whatever it is you’re explaining has some measure, some numerical quantity attached to it, you’ll be much better able to discriminate among competing hypotheses. What is vague and qualitative is open to many explanations. Of course there are truths to be sought in the many qualitative issues we are obliged to confront, but finding them is more challenging.
7. If there’s a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work (including the premise) — not just most of them.
8. Occam’s Razor. This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data equally well to choose the simpler.
9. Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified. Propositions that are untestable, unfalsifiable are not worth much. Consider the grand idea that our Universe and everything in it is just an elementary particle — an electron, say — in a much bigger Cosmos. But if we can never acquire information from outside our Universe, is not the idea incapable of disproof? You must be able to check assertions out. Inveterate skeptics must be given the chance to follow your reasoning, to duplicate your experiments and see if they get the same result.
Just as important as learning these helpful tools, however, is unlearning and avoiding the most common pitfalls of common sense. Reminding us of where society is most vulnerable to those, Sagan writes:
‘In addition to teaching us what to do when evaluating a claim to knowledge, any good baloney detection kit must also teach us what not to do. It helps us recognize the most common and perilous fallacies of logic and rhetoric. Many good examples can be found in religion and politics, because their practitioners are so often obliged to justify two contradictory propositions.’
He admonishes against the twenty most common and perilous ones — many rooted in our chronic discomfort with ambiguity — with examples of each in action:
1. ad hominem — Latin for ‘to the man,’ attacking the arguer and not the argument (e.g., The Reverend Dr. Smith is a known Biblical fundamentalist, so her objections to evolution need not be taken seriously)
2. argument from authority (e.g., President Richard Nixon should be re-elected because he has a secret plan to end the war in Southeast Asia — but because it was secret, there was no way for the electorate to evaluate it on its merits; the argument amounted to trusting him because he was President: a mistake, as it turned out)
3. argument from adverse consequences (e.g., A God meting out punishment and reward must exist, because if He didn’t, society would be much more lawless and dangerous — perhaps even ungovernable. Or: The defendant in a widely publicized murder trial must be found guilty; otherwise, it will be an encouragement for other men to murder their wives)
4. appeal to ignorance — the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa (e.g., There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore UFOs exist — and there is intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe. Or: There may be seventy kazillion other worlds, but not one is known to have the moral advancement of the Earth, so we’re still central to the Universe.) This impatience with ambiguity can be criticized in the phrase: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
5. special pleading, often to rescue a proposition in deep rhetorical trouble (e.g., How can a merciful God condemn future generations to torment because, against orders, one woman induced one man to eat an apple? Special plead: you don’t understand the subtle Doctrine of Free Will. Or: How can there be an equally godlike Father, Son, and Holy Ghost in the same Person? Special plead: You don’t understand the Divine Mystery of the Trinity. Or: How could God permit the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — each in their own way enjoined to heroic measures of loving kindness and compassion — to have perpetrated so much cruelty for so long? Special plead: You don’t understand Free Will again. And anyway, God moves in mysterious ways.)
6. begging the question, also called assuming the answer (e.g., We must institute the death penalty to discourage violent crime. But does the violent crime rate in fact fall when the death penalty is imposed? Or: The stock market fell yesterday because of a technical adjustment and profit-taking by investors — but is there any independent evidence for the causal role of ‘adjustment’ and profit-taking; have we learned anything at all from this purported explanation?)
7. observational selection, also called the enumeration of favorable circumstances, or as the philosopher Francis Bacon described it, counting the hits and forgetting the misses (e.g., A state boasts of the Presidents it has produced, but is silent on its serial killers)
8. statistics of small numbers — a close relative of observational selection (e.g., ‘They say 1 out of every 5 people is Chinese. How is this possible? I know hundreds of people, and none of them is Chinese. Yours truly.’ Or: ‘I’ve thrown three sevens in a row. Tonight I can’t lose.’)
9. misunderstanding of the nature of statistics (e.g., President Dwight Eisenhower expressing astonishment and alarm on discovering that fully half of all Americans have below average intelligence);
10. inconsistency (e.g., Prudently plan for the worst of which a potential military adversary is capable, but thriftily ignore scientific projections on environmental dangers because they’re not ‘proved.’ Or: Attribute the declining life expectancy in the former Soviet Union to the failures of communism many years ago, but never attribute the high infant mortality rate in the United States (now highest of the major industrial nations) to the failures of capitalism. Or: Consider it reasonable for the Universe to continue to exist forever into the future, but judge absurd the possibility that it has infinite duration into the past);
11. non sequitur — Latin for ‘It doesn’t follow’ (e.g., Our nation will prevail because God is great. But nearly every nation pretends this to be true; the German formulation was ‘Gott mit uns’). Often those falling into the non sequitur fallacy have simply failed to recognize alternative possibilities;
12. post hoc, ergo propter hoc — Latin for ‘It happened after, so it was caused by’ (e.g., Jaime Cardinal Sin, Archbishop of Manila: ‘I know of … a 26-year-old who looks 60 because she takes [contraceptive] pills.’ Or: Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons)
13. meaningless question (e.g., What happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object? But if there is such a thing as an irresistible force there can be no immovable objects, and vice versa)
14. excluded middle, or false dichotomy — considering only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities (e.g., ‘Sure, take his side; my husband’s perfect; I’m always wrong.’ Or: ‘Either you love your country or you hate it.’ Or: ‘If you’re not part of the solution, you’re part of the problem’)
15. short-term vs. long-term — a subset of the excluded middle, but so important I’ve pulled it out for special attention (e.g., We can’t afford programs to feed malnourished children and educate pre-school kids. We need to urgently deal with crime on the streets. Or: Why explore space or pursue fundamental science when we have so huge a budget deficit?);
16. slippery slope, related to excluded middle (e.g., If we allow abortion in the first weeks of pregnancy, it will be impossible to prevent the killing of a full-term infant. Or, conversely: If the state prohibits abortion even in the ninth month, it will soon be telling us what to do with our bodies around the time of conception);
17. confusion of correlation and causation (e.g., A survey shows that more college graduates are homosexual than those with lesser education; therefore education makes people gay. Or: Andean earthquakes are correlated with closest approaches of the planet Uranus; therefore — despite the absence of any such correlation for the nearer, more massive planet Jupiter — the latter causes the former)
18. straw man — caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack (e.g., Scientists suppose that living things simply fell together by chance — a formulation that willfully ignores the central Darwinian insight, that Nature ratchets up by saving what works and discarding what doesn’t. Or — this is also a short-term/long-term fallacy — environmentalists care more for snail darters and spotted owls than they do for people)
19. suppressed evidence, or half-truths (e.g., An amazingly accurate and widely quoted ‘prophecy’ of the assassination attempt on President Reagan is shown on television; but — an important detail — was it recorded before or after the event? Or: These government abuses demand revolution, even if you can’t make an omelette without breaking some eggs. Yes, but is this likely to be a revolution in which far more people are killed than under the previous regime? What does the experience of other revolutions suggest? Are all revolutions against oppressive regimes desirable and in the interests of the people?)
20. weasel words (e.g., The separation of powers of the U.S. Constitution specifies that the United States may not conduct a war without a declaration by Congress. On the other hand, Presidents are given control of foreign policy and the conduct of wars, which are potentially powerful tools for getting themselves re-elected. Presidents of either political party may therefore be tempted to arrange wars while waving the flag and calling the wars something else — ‘police actions,’ ‘armed incursions,’ ‘protective reaction strikes,’ ‘pacification,’ ‘safeguarding American interests,’ and a wide variety of ‘operations,’ such as ‘Operation Just Cause.’ Euphemisms for war are one of a broad class of reinventions of language for political purposes. Talleyrand said, ‘An important art of politicians is to find new names for institutions which under old names have become odious to the public’)
Sagan ends the chapter with a necessary disclaimer:
‘Like all tools, the baloney detection kit can be misused, applied out of context, or even employed as a rote alternative to thinking. But applied judiciously, it can make all the difference in the world — not least in evaluating our own arguments before we present them to others.’
‘The Demon-Haunted World’ is a timelessly fantastic read in its entirety, timelier than ever in a great many ways amidst our present media landscape of propaganda, pseudoscience, and various commercial motives.
" - Maria Popova
[http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2014/01/03/baloney-detection-kit-carl-sagan/ ]
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| [Quote No.51168] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Freedom of thought, speech, expression, press and censorship:-] If there be time to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies, to avert the evil by the processes of education, the remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence.
" - Louis D. Brandeis
(1856–1941), U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Quote from Whitney v. California, 274 U. S. 357 (1927).
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| [Quote No.51179] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Who speaks, sows; who listens, reaps." - Argentine Proverb
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| [Quote No.51186] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"There is an exceptionally beneficial and fruitful advantage to be derived from the study of the past. There you see, set in the clear light of historical truth, examples of every possible type. From these you can select for yourself and your country what to imitate, and also what, as being mischievous in its inception and disastrous in its consequences, you should avoid.
" - Livy
Roman historian
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| [Quote No.51212] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"I do not accept any absolute formulas for living. No preconceived code can see ahead to everything that can happen in a man's life. As we live, we grow and our beliefs change. They must change. So I think we should live with this constant discovery. We should be open to this adventure in heightened awareness of living. We should stake our whole existence on our [life-skills including our] willingness to explore and experience." - Martin Buber
(1878 - 1965) Jewish Religious Philosopher
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| [Quote No.51227] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"The wise learn from the experience of others, most from their own experience, and fools not at all." - Proverb
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| [Quote No.51233] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Individualism:] To find yourself, think for yourself." - Socrates
(469 BC - 399 BC) Greek Philosopher
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| [Quote No.51238] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"If you would be a real seeker after truth,
it is necessary that at least once in your life
you doubt [be skeptical], as far as possible, all things." - Rene Descartes
(1596-1650) French philosopher. Source: 'Principles of Philosophy', 1644.
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| [Quote No.51240] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Nurture your mind with great thoughts [including the quotes and maxims of successful others], for you will never go any higher than you think!" - Benjamin Disraeli
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| [Quote No.51272] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Quotations when engraved upon the memory give you good thoughts." - Winston Churchill
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| [Quote No.51277] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Employ your time in improving yourself by other men’s writings, so that you shall gain easily what others have labored hard for." - Socrates
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| [Quote No.51303] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"...a ladder of understanding.
At its base is a piece of information, which simply tells us some basic fact about the world. Above that is knowledge – the understanding of how different bits of information fit together to reveal some truth about the world. Knowledge hinges on an act of correlation and interpretation. At the top is wisdom, which has a moral component – it is the application of information worth remembering and knowledge that matters to understanding not only how the world works, but also how it should work. And that requires a moral framework of what should and shouldn’t matter, as well as an ideal of the world at its highest potentiality.
" - Maria Popova
[http://www.brainpickings.org/2014/09/09/wisdom-in-the-age-of-information/ ]
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| [Quote No.51323] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Everything that happens to you is your teacher. The secret is to learn to sit at the feet of your own life and be taught by it." - Polly B. Berends
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| [Quote No.51330] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"We sometimes have to feel like explorers..." - Matthieu Ricard
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| [Quote No.51335] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Be skeptical because...] We do not see things as they are. We see them as we are." - The Talmud
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| [Quote No.51342] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"No matter what one does, regardless of failure or success, the experience [sensations and learning] is a form of success in itself!" - Jack Ma
Founder of website Alibaba.
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| [Quote No.51351] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life." - Immanuel Kant
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| [Quote No.51359] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[A story - with a message about skepticism: Because appearances, especially first impressions, can be deceptive it is important to be skeptical in order to arrive at Truth.]
Plato's Analogy or Parable of the Cave
...Socrates describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows. According to Socrates, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not constitutive of reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.
" - Plato
The Parable of the Cave – is an allegory used by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work 'The Republic'. It is written as a fictional dialogue between Plato's teacher Socrates and Plato's brother Glaucon at the beginning of Book VII (chapter IX in Robin Waterfield's translation) (514a–520a). [Refer https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Allegory_of_the_cave.html ]
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| [Quote No.51360] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[A story - with a message about skepticism. Because appearances, especially first impressions, can be deceptive it is important to be skeptical in order to arrive at Truth, the whole Truth and nothing but the Truth:]
The Parable of the Blind Men and the Elephant
...the story says that six blind men were asked to determine what an elephant looked like by feeling different parts of the elephant's body. The blind man who feels a leg says the elephant is like a pillar; the one who feels the tail says the elephant is like a rope; the one who feels the trunk says the elephant is like a tree branch; the one who feels the ear says the elephant is like a hand fan; the one who feels the belly says the elephant is like a wall; and the one who feels the tusk says the elephant is like a solid pipe." - Jain, Buddhist, Sufi and Hindu lore
[Refer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant ]
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| [Quote No.51362] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[Scepticism:] Individuals and societies that believe in individual freedom - informed choice - develop and promote systems of morality, ethics, customs, rules and laws that protect that freedom from fraud [i.e. skepticism and critical thinking skills as well as anti-fraud legislation] or force [i.e. self-defense skills, anti-force legislation and police and armed forces]." - Seymour@imagi-natives.com
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| [Quote No.51368] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Freedom of thought, speech, expression and the press and lack of censorship is important or else how can anyone have any hope of making fully informed choices which is necessary for true freedom!" - Seymour@imagi-natives.com
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| [Quote No.51376] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"You win some, you learn some. [Twist on the old saying - You win some, you lose some. But when you lose you learn more than when you win.]" - Jason Mraz
American singer-songwriter
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| [Quote No.51386] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"We need the courage to learn from the past and not live in it." - Sharon Salzberg
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| [Quote No.51390] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[With age should come wisdom:] The more sand that has escaped from the hourglass of our life, the clearer we should see through it." - J. P. Richter
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| [Quote No.51409] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world. [Exposing yourself to quotes that express the best ideas beautifully is a big part of making the most of the human intellectual culture.]" - Matthew Arnold
(1822–88) Poet and critic, born in England, UK
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| [Quote No.51420] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"[A true story - with a message: Luck is when preparation meets opportunity as in the story of the discovery of the antibiotic Penicillin.] Three thousand years before penicillin, moulds and fermented materials had been used to cure various skin infections, although without an understanding of how they actually worked. But it wasn't until the late 1800s that scientific studies of antibiotics began. French chemist Louis Pasteur, after discovering that infectious diseases are spread by bacteria, observed that mould inhibited the growth of anthrax (an infectious disease spread from animals to humans). British surgeon Joseph Lister noted that samples of urine contaminated with mould didn't allow bacteria to grow, but he was unable to identify the substance in the mould. French medical student Ernest Duchesne successfully tested a substance from mould that inhibited bacterial growth in animals, but died at an early age in 1912, never seeing the world's acceptance and use of his important discovery.
After World War I [in 1928], Alexander Fleming was conducting an experiment with bacteria when a tear fell from his eye into a culture plate. He later noticed that a substance in his tear (which he named lysozyme) killed the bacteria, but was harmless to the body's white blood cells. Years later, Fleming was doing research on the flu when a similar coincidence occurred. While he was on holidays, a bit of mould had fallen into a discarded culture plate containing bacteria, forming a clear patch. When he returned he recognised this pattern from his previous experience with lysozyme. He concluded that the mould was producing an antibiotic substance and named the antibiotic penicillin, after the Penicillium mould that produced it.
His discovery was an amazing piece of luck. If Fleming hadn't left a petri dish of bacteria on his bench when he went on holidays; if he had properly disinfected the dish; if the weather had been different from the ideal conditions for bacteria and mould growth in the laboratory; and especially if Fleming hadn't the experience to recognise the importance of the observation, penicillin may not have been discovered as an antibiotic.
But Fleming couldn't extract the bacteria-killing substance, so he couldn't try it as a treatment for general infections. He moved on to other research - leaving Howard Florey and his team to pave the way for penicillin's use as a lifesaver more than a decade later [1939].
[Published reports credit Fleming as saying: 'One sometimes finds what one is not looking for. When I woke up just after dawn on Sept. 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.']
" - Dr Simon Torok
[http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/florey/story.htm ]
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| [Quote No.51422] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It's quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn't at all. You can be discouraged by failure or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because remember that's where you will find success." - Thomas J. Watson
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| [Quote No.51428] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Every one of us, unconsciously, works out a personal philosophy of life, by which we are guided, inspired, and corrected, as time goes on. It is this philosophy by which we measure out our days, and by which we advertise to all about us the man, or woman, that we are. . . . It takes but a brief time to scent the life philosophy of anyone. It is defined in the conversation, in the look of the eye, and in the general mien of the person. It has no hiding place. It's like the perfume of the flower - unseen, but known almost instantly. It is the possession of the successful and the happy. And it can be greatly embellished by the absorption of ideas and experiences of the useful of this earth." - George Matthew Adams
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| [Quote No.51438] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Yesterday's failures are Today's seeds that must be diligently planted to be able to abundantly harvest Tomorrow’s success." - Anonymous
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| [Quote No.51474] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"I believe that the true road to preeminent success in any line is to make yourself master of that line!" - Andrew Carnegie
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| [Quote No.51500] Need Area: Mind > Learn
"Men give me credit for some genius. All the genius I have lies in this: When I have a subject in hand, I study it profoundly. Day and night it is before me. I explore it in all its bearings. My mind becomes pervaded with it. Then the effort which I have made is what people are pleased to call the fruit of genius. It is the fruit of labor and thought." - Alexander Hamilton
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