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| Quotations - General | [Quote No.36113] Need Area: Friends > General
"There cannot be the slightest doubt that migration barriers diminish the productivity of human labor... The closed-door policy is one of the root causes of our wars... Immigrants soon find their place in urban life, they soon adopt, externally, town manners and opinions, but for a long time they remain foreign to civic thought. One cannot make a social philosophy one's own as easily as a new costume." - Ludwig von Mises
[1881 – 1973], an Austrian-American economist, historian, philosopher, author, and classical liberal who had a significant influence on the modern free-market libertarian movement and the Austrian School of economics.
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| [Quote No.36114] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Non-defensive War and Imperialism:] Neither fame, nor honor, nor wealth, nor happiness, was to be found on this path... The welfare of a people lies not in casting other peoples down but in peaceful collaboration... For fully developed imperialism, the individual no longer has value. He is valuable to it only as a member of the whole, as a soldier of an army... Modern imperialism is distinguished from the expansionist tendencies of the absolute principalities by the fact that its moving spirits are not the members of the ruling dynasty, nor even of the nobility...but the mass of the people, who look upon it as the most appropriate means for the preservation [and expansion] of national independence [and ideology]... Marxian socialism, as a fundamentally revolutionary movement, is inwardly inclined toward imperialism. No one will dispute that, least of all the Marxists themselves, who straightforwardly proclaim the cult of [continuous] revolution... Nothing is more stupid than efforts to justify today's imperialism, with all of its brutalities, by reference to atrocities of generations long since gone... The imperialistic people's state scarcely differs from the old principle state in its interpretation of sovereignty and its boundaries. Like the latter, it knows no other limits to the expansion of its rule than those drawn by the opposition of an equally strong power [and the arms race that that necessitates]." - Ludwig von Mises
[1881 – 1973], an Austrian-American economist, historian, philosopher, author, and classical liberal who had a significant influence on the modern free-market libertarian movement and the Austrian School of economics.
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| [Quote No.36118] Need Area: Friends > General
"[In a mockery of true free market capitalism, which is why this travestry is sometimes called crony capitalism, US politicians - ] Congressmen are bribed on a regular basis by special interests with promises of revolving-door jobs and campaign finances [to initiate and support bills in Congress which unfairly advantage certain backers, whether individual companies or whole industries]." - Vedran Vuk
Editor of the US financial newsletter, The Casey Report.
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| [Quote No.36119] Need Area: Friends > General
"Corporatism or corporativism is defined as a system of running a state [or country] using the power of organizations such as businesses and labor unions that act, or claim to act, for large numbers of people. " - MSN Encarta
Dictionary definition.
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| [Quote No.36120] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Corporatism or corporativism is defined as a system of running a state [or country] using the power of organizations such as businesses and labor unions that act, or claim to act, for large numbers of people. Corporatism is a part of Facism. The Italian] Fascist regime began to create a corporatist economic system in 1925 with creation of the Palazzo Vidioni Pact, in which the Italian employers' association Confindustria and Fascist trade unions agreed to recognize each other as the sole representatives of Italy's employers and employees, excluding non-Fascist trade unions. The Fascist regime first created a Ministry of Corporations that organized the Italian economy into 22 sectoral corporations, banned workers' strikes and lock-outs, and in 1927 created the Charter of Labour, which established workers' rights and duties and created labour tribunals to arbitrate employer-employee disputes. In practice, the sectoral corporations exercised little independence and were largely controlled by the regime, and employee organizations were rarely led by employees themselves but instead by appointed Fascist party members... The events of the Great Depression resulted in an international surge of fascism and the creation of multiple fascist regimes and regimes that adopted fascist policies. The most important new fascist regime was Nazi [National Socialists] Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. With the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in 1933, liberal democracy was dissolved in Germany, and the Nazis mobilized the country for war, with expansionist territorial aims against multiple countries. In the 1930s the Nazis implemented racial laws that deliberately discriminated against, disenfranchised, and persecuted Jews, homosexuals and other racial and minority groups. Hungarian fascist Gyula Gömbös rose to power as Prime Minister of Hungary in 1932 and visited Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to consolidate good relations with the two regimes. He attempted to entrench his Party of National Unity throughout the country; created an eight-hour work day, a forty-eight hour work week in industry, and sought to entrench a corporatist economy; and pursued irredentist claims on Hungary's neighbors. The fascist Iron Guard movement in Romania soared in political support after 1933, gaining representation in the Romanian government, and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister Ion Duca. A variety of para-fascist governments that borrowed elements from fascism were formed during the Great Depression, including those of Greece, Lithuania, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
Fascism also expanded influence outside of Europe, especially in East Asia, the Middle East, and South America. In China, Wang Jingwei's Kai-tsu p'ai (Reorganization) faction of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China) supported Nazism in the late 1930s. In Japan, the Tōhōkai, a Nazi movement was formed by Seigō Nakano. The Brazilian Integralists led by Plínio Salgado, claimed as many as 200,000 members although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas in 1937. The Al-Muthanna Club of Iraq was a pan-Arab movement that supported Nazism and exercised influence in Iraqi government through cabinet minister Saib Shawkat who formed a youth paramilitary movement. In the 1930s The National Socialist Movement of Chile gained seats in Chile's parliament and attempted a coup d'état that resulted in the Seguro Obrero massacre of 1938. Peruvian president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro founded the Revolutionary Union in 1931 as the state party for his dictatorship. Upon the Revolutionary Union being taken over by Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati who sought to mobilise mass support for the group's nationalism in a manner akin to fascism. He even started a Blackshirts paramilitary arm as a copy of the Italian group, although the Union lost heavily in the 1936 elections and faded into obscurity.
During the Great Depression, Mussolini promoted active state intervention in the economy... With the onset of the Great Depression, Fascist Italy began large-scale state intervention into the economy, establishing the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale, IRI), a giant state-owned firm and holding company that provided state funding to failing private enterprises. The IRI was made a permanent institution in Fascist Italy in 1937, pursued Fascist policies to create national autarky [where the state was based on national self-sufficiency and nonreliance on imports or economic aid], and had the power to take over private firms [nationalize] to maximize war production. Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed protectionist policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron... Mussolini's Doctrine of Fascism states, 'The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State — a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values — interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people." - Wikipedia.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism
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| [Quote No.36121] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Mussolini's Doctrine of Fascism states] The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian [anti individual freedom], and the Fascist State — a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values — interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people." - Benito Mussolini
[1883 – 1945], an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
Mussolini became the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title 'Il Duce', the leader', by 1925. After 1936, his official title was 'His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire'. Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic.
Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-socialism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_mussolini ]
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| [Quote No.36122] Need Area: Friends > General
"Foreign aid [unfortunately] might be defined as a transfer of money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries." - Doug Casey
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| [Quote No.36134] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Social organisation and forms of Government:] An autocracy is a form of government in which one person possesses unlimited power. The term autocrat is derived from the Greek and may be translated as 'one who rules by himself'. It is distinct from oligarchy ('rule by the few') and democracy ('rule by the people' [usually through representatives]). Like 'despot', 'tyrant' and 'dictator', 'autocrat' is a loaded word with a negative value judgment...
Autocracy and totalitarianism are related concepts. Autocracy is defined by one individual having unlimited legislative and executive power, while totalitarianism extends to regulating every aspect of public and private life. Totalitarianism does not imply a single ruler, but extends to include absolute rule by any faction or class of elites who recognize no limit to their authority.
Autocracy differs from military dictatorship, as these often take the form of 'collective presidencies' such as the South American juntas. However, an autocracy may be totalitarian or be a military dictatorship.
The term monarchy also differs in that it emphasizes the hereditary characteristic, though some Slavic monarchs, specifically Russian Emperors, included the title 'autocrat' as part of their official styles. This usage originated in the Byzantine Empire, where the term 'autokrator' was traditionally employed in Greek to translate the Latin 'imperator', and was used along with Basileus to mean 'emperor'. This use remains current in the modern Greek language, where the term is used for any emperor, regardless of the actual power of the monarch. [Absolute monarchs have complete power of rule over the people. Absolute monarchies are rare today. These monarchs believed that they had a 'Divine Right' - a view that God granted those of royal birth the right to rule. To them, it was a sin to revolt. So, the power of the ruler came from God, not the people.] Historically, many monarchs ruled autocratically [absolute monarchies] but eventually their power was diminished and dissolved with the introduction of constitutions giving the people the power to make decisions for themselves through elected bodies of government [and Bills of Rights, both of which limited the power that the people gave their government].
The autocrat needs some kind of power structure to rule. Most historical autocrats depended on their nobles, the military, the priesthood or other elite groups [refer feudal societies, with Kings and Queens, lords, merchants, trades, serfs and slaves]. As such, it can be difficult to draw a clear line between historical autocracies and oligarchies.
[A theocracy is a form of government in which a state is understood as governed by immediate divine guidance especially a state ruled by clergy, or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.
From the perspective of the theocratic government, 'God himself is recognized as the head' of the state, hence the term theocracy, from the Greek...'rule of God', a term used by Josephus of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Theocratic governments enact theonomic laws (rules).
A theocracy may be monist in form, where the administrative hierarchy of the government is identical with the administrative hierarchy of the religion, or it may have two 'arms,' but with the state administrative hierarchy subordinate to the religious hierarchy.
Theocracy should be distinguished from other secular forms of government that have a state religion, or are merely influenced by theological or moral concepts, and monarchies held 'By the Grace of God'.]
[Meritocracy, in the first, most administrative sense, is a system of government or other administration (such as business administration) wherein appointments are made and responsibilities assigned to individuals based upon their 'merits', namely intelligence, credentials, and education, determined through evaluations [for example, past performance including proven academic, commercial, competitive public success] or examinations. [Meritocracy is the concept of appointment by merit, regarding the qualities critical to the successful performance of that position, rather than other reasons. Meritocracy acknowledges that people differ in ability but makes no assumptions about the source or nature of the discrepancies in ability between people, for example disparities in education, health, housing, access to other resources, motivation, etc.]
Although meritocracy as a term is a relatively recent invention, the concept originates from the works of Confucius, along with other Legalist and Confucian philosophers... Meritocracy itself is not a form of government, but rather an ideology. In government applications, individuals appointed to a meritocracy are judged based upon certain merits which could range from intelligence to morality to general aptitude to specific knowledge.
Supporters of meritocracies do not necessarily agree on the nature of 'merit', however they tend to agree that 'merit' itself should be a primary consideration during evaluation. Therefore the criteria of merit, the method of establishing the candidate's merit, and who should decide these and how often are critical to meritocracy, as is transparency.]
[Refer philosophies of government and political parties, including underpinning social and economic theories: libertarianism, free choice free competition free market capitalism, fascism, socialism, communism, statism, etc.]" - wikipedia.com
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy - For a very extensive exposition of forms of government please refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government ]
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| [Quote No.36138] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Here is a less than rosy perspective on foreign development and aid. It is included in the interests of fairness and balance:] ‘The Secret History of the American Empire: Economic Hit Men, Jackals, and the Truth about Global Corruption’- A book by John Perkins.
Reviews found on Amazon.com -
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[From ‘Publishers Weekly’:] Having made a splash with ‘Confessions of an Economic Hit Man’, Perkins offers similarly entertaining but disturbing accounts of the American government wreaking havoc around the world in support of American business. In Perkins's view, American presidents willingly comply with their CEO masters, distributing foreign aid to corrupt Third World leaders who keep a share and return the rest to U.S. business for major projects, leaving their nations poor and massively in debt, and requiring more loans and slavish obedience to U.S. policy. If any leader objects, the CIA destabilizes his government, by assassination if necessary. Gathering evidence is not Perkins's strong suit. Typically, a shadowy figure pulls him aside, insists on anonymity, then reveals all. Critics will rightfully accuse Perkins of dreadful journalism and a taste for conspiracy theories. Yet economists admit that loans and "expert advice" to poor nations are often harmful. Few deny that America has ruthlessly undermined uncooperative governments and supported dictators including Saddam Hussein. Perkins's assertions that the U.S. assassinated Ecuador's reformist president and connived at genocide in Timor and Sudan are not absurd, merely unproven. This book's greatest value may be to encourage a competent journalist to cover the same ground. (June 5)
[Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.]
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[Most Helpful Customer Reviews:]--------- 131 of 137 people found the following review helpful: 4.0 out of 5 stars Valuable Perspectives, Though Weak on Details, June 19, 2007 By Loyd E. Eskildson "Pragmatist" (Phoenix, AZ.)
(TOP 50 REVIEWER) (REAL NAME) "The Secret History's" Prologue provides an outstanding summary of the dark side of American generosity as exemplified by the World Bank's actions. The U.S. holds veto power over major World Bank decisions, and its president is appointed by the U.S. president. Perkins asserts that the World Bank's mission quickly became synonymous with proving the capitalist system superior to communism, and to further this role, its employees cultivated cozy relationships with multi-national corporations. This opened the door for economic hit men (EHM) to channel funds from the Bank into schemes appearing to serve the poor while primarily benefiting a few wealthy people.
In the most common scheme, staffers would identify a developing country possessing resources our corporations desired (eg. oil), arrange a huge loan for it, and then direct most of the money to our own corporations and a few collaborators. Infrastructure projects (eg. power plants, airports, industrial parks) would then spring up - however, they seldom helped the poor, and the nation was unable to be able to repay the loan about 50-60% of the time. The EHM could then demand eg. cheap oil, U.N. votes on key issues, and/or troops for eg. Iraq.
Perkins substantiates his "American Empire" label by asserting that the U.S. is run by a big group who collectively act much like a king. They run our largest corporations, and through them, our government. They cycle through the "revolving door" back and forth between businesses and government, fund political campaigns and the media - resulting in a great deal of control over elected officials and the information we receive, regardless of who is elected.
National disasters, like wars and aid projects, are highly profitable for big businesses. A great deal of money for rebuilding is earmarked for U.S. engineering firms and large corporations owning hotel, communications and transportation networks, banks, insurance companies, etc. Sometimes they also provide an opportunity for local governments to extend their oppression - eg. just prior to the 12/26/04 tsunami the Indonesian government was ready to reach an agreement with Aceh rebels largely favorable to them - however, after the disaster disorganized and weakened the Aceh, it instead sent in additional forces to break their resistance in the resource-rich (multinational target) Aceh sector.
Overseas bribery is usually accomplished without violating U.S. law by leasing eg. equipment from companies owned by the target (and friends) at excessive rates; they can then subcontract portions to others at inflated prices. This model can be used to contract for food, housing, cars, fuel, etc. Another means is to offer to arrange for the target's children to attend prestigious U.S. colleges while covering all their expenses and paying consultant/intern salaries while they are in the U.S. U.S. companies also pay local militias for protection, thus weakening local control over them.
Little specific proof of the preceding is offered - however, it follows Perkins' earlier "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man" and numerous other sources. "The Secret History" then goes on to reference vague specifics in Asia, Africa, and South America in a conspiracy-mongering manner.
Some useful specifics come through, however. Examples include privatizing water in South America and then significantly raising rates to the point of provoking a mini-revolt, engendering political change in another country through energy-extraction agreements that provide little for the resident nation, etc.
Our "bottom-line" seems to be "go along with us or we'll foment revolution and/or assassinate you." Mid-East examples include Iran (early 1950s), and Iraq (early 1960s). (No wonder leaders are leery of American-style democracy.) Those wondering why the U.S. is so concerned about Israel's welfare have the answer provided by Perkins - Israel is America's foot soldier in the area, there to help keep the Mid-East in line.
Where have we ended up? Over half the world lives on less than $2/day, over 2 billion lack basic amenities such electricity, clean water, sanitation, land titles, phones, police and fire protection, the cost of servicing Third World debt exceeds their spending on health and education and is about twice what they receive in foreign aid, developing countries' 1970 trade surplus is now an $11 billion deficit, and U.S. corporations now pay less than 10% of federal taxes - down from 21% in as recently as '01 and over 50% during WWII.
Finally, Perkins is at his weakest in prescribing where we go from here. He senses environmentalism may offer the crisis for reform, and suggests that we all become less greedy.
Bottom Line: Despite the general weakness and generally conspiratorial tone of the book, I still found "The Secret History" to offer compelling perspectives in enough areas to be highly worthwhile.
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45 of 46 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars A View from the Seedy Underbelly, July 2, 2007
By Justin Case As a fifty-five year old man, my own history runs from a youthful idealism born in the frenetic 60's to a current disillusionment derived in part from a Supreme Court coup, a piecemeal destruction of the Constitution and a criminal Executive Branch that creates its own laws and ignores legislated ones.
When I read "Confessions of an Economic Hitman" a year ago, the questions we all have about how the world got to this point in history suddenly became much clearer.
From a first-person perspective, Perkins exposed the seedy underbelly of the economic giant called the United States.
As Americans we've gotten used to angry epithets being thrown at us from around the world; by "dirty commies", by "tinhorn" South American dictators, by various types of anarchists and by "ignorant" peasants.
And the chant they repeated most often over the years was that the US was an IMPERIALIST nation.
The absurdity of this accusation was enough to make make most Americans ignore whatever else these people might have been trying to communicate to us.
But after reading this new Perkins book about the seriously evil deeds our national government and closely allied corporations have been up to for the last sixty years, we are forced to conclude that Empire is perhaps the kindest way to describe "unofficial" American foreign policy since World War II.
Perhaps the most intriguing section of his book--and most pertinent to today's most unsettling issues--is his discussion of the the Mideast's modern history as planned and executed by the major Western powers.
The perception and understanding by these powers that economic success depended on an unlimited and uninterrupted oil supply has underscored virtually every foreign policy initiative by the West since WWII.
The anger and hatred felt by a growing number of Muslims, Asians and other third world citizens did not arise in a vacuum. It has been building for the last six decades--much longer in our own Southern Hemisphere. The West, with the US spearheading the assault, has focused with laser precision on exploiting and safeguarding any lands around the world that have oil under those lands. Most thinking people by now know that Saddam had nothing whatsoever to do with 9-11. So what the hell do you think we're over there for? For God's sake, it was our own economic hitmen and jackals (CIA) who put him in power there in the first place!
Not content with only taking their oil, the corporations that do the actual work have exemplified the worst elements of unbridled capitalism by despoiling the land and water of those countries while giving almost nothing back to the people who are the rightful recipients.
Over the years, I've seen the concept of "unquestioning patriotism" become preeminent in our nation. Those who we depend on to ask those questions--the national media--have become part of the ‘corporatocracy’ that conspires to create this world empire we call The United States.
John Perkins spent the first part of his life as an important element in the drive to create this empire. He now intends to spend the rest of his life trying to undo what he helped to create.
In a more-enlightened nation, these two books together would be required reading in every high-school history class. Only by seeing past the sophomoric belief that everything we as a nation do is good and that any criticism is unpatriotic will we also be able to hear beyond the angry slogans shouted at us throughout the world by those who have been victims of this; the American Empire.
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Editorial Reviews - Amazon.com Review - Robert Baer Reviews 'Hoodwinked' ['Hoodwinked: An Economic Hit Man Reveals Why the World Financial Markets Imploded--and What We Need to Do to Remake Them'] [John Perkins' book, written and released after 'Secret History...']
Robert Baer is the author of two New York Times bestsellers: 'Sleeping with the Devil', about the Saudi royal family and its relationship with the United States; and 'See No Evil', which recounts Baer’s years as a top CIA operative. 'See No Evil' was the basis for the acclaimed film 'Syriana', which earned George Clooney an Oscar for his portrayal of Baer. Baer has contributed to 'Vanity Fair', the 'Wall Street Journal', and the 'Washington Post'. He is considered one of the world’s foremost authorities on the Middle East. Read his guest review of 'Hoodwinked':
'I wasn’t twenty pages into 'Hoodwinked' when I realized Perkins nailed it. What got us into the mess we’re in today, the worst recession since the Great Depression, is the same grotesque capitalism cum corruption we shoved down the throat of the Third World since the end of World War II. (Yes, the Third World’s elites were cheerfully corrupted.)
We, and the rest of the West, learned the trick of selling unneeded infrastructure, services, over-sophisticated weapons -- stuff that could never benefit anyone other than the people who lined their pockets. And yes, Perkins is right, the international economists and press were handmaidens to the thievery.
It was all fairly routine until 9/11, when the real gorging started. Tell the people their roof is on fire and they’ll give you whatever you ask for. Between 2001 and 2009 the Department of Defense budget increased 74 percent, and that is not to mention the hundreds of billions of dollars in related contracts. Nigeria on the Potomac...' -------------------------------------------- [Please refer to: corporatism, corporativism, military industrial complex, U.S. Major General Smedley Butler, imperialism,
IMF International Monetary Fund, World Bank, global/world reserve currency - US petrodollar - US dollar hegemony, etc.]
" - Amazon.com about John Perkins
[1945 - ], John Perkins is an economist and author.
[http://www.amazon.com/Secret-History-American-Empire-Corruption/dp/B002GJU468/ref=pd_sim_b_1 ]
[http://www.amazon.com/Hoodwinked-Economic-Reveals-Financial-Imploded/dp/0307589927/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1307807992&sr=1-1 ]
[downloaded 12th June, 2011]
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| [Quote No.36140] Need Area: Friends > General
"Propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state!" - Noam Chomsky
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| [Quote No.36141] Need Area: Friends > General
"States are not moral agents, people are, and can [or should at least try to] impose moral standards on powerful institutions [politicians, political parties, governments, big businesses especially multi-nationals, unions, etc. In the case of politicians they do things in your name, as your authorised representatives. If you disagree with their behavior, you have the right, in fact the obligation, at the very least, to express your opposition cogently and if ignored or dismissed to exercise your democratic right to vote for someone else.]" - Noam Chomsky
[1928 - ], an American born linguist, philosopher and political activist who serves as a professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is considered by many to be the father of modern linguistics. He has authored more than 150 books to date and is known as much for his prolific writing as his political descent and anarchy.
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| [Quote No.36142] Need Area: Friends > General
"...democracy is largely a sham when the industrial system is controlled by any form of autocratic elite, whether of owners, managers, and technocrats, a 'vanguard' party, or a State bureaucracy." - Noam Chomsky
[1928 - ], an American born linguist, philosopher and political activist who serves as a professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is considered by many to be the father of modern linguistics. He has authored more than 150 books to date and is known as much for his prolific writing as his political descent and anarchy.
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| [Quote No.36143] Need Area: Friends > General
"All over the place, from the popular culture to the propaganda system, there is constant pressure to make people [incorrectly] feel that they are helpless, that the only role they can have is to ratify [political] decisions and to consume." - Noam Chomsky
[1928 - ], an American born linguist, philosopher and political activist who serves as a professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is considered by many to be the father of modern linguistics. He has authored more than 150 books to date and is known as much for his prolific writing as his political descent and anarchy.
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| [Quote No.36146] Need Area: Friends > General
"[Forewarned of the potential for bias is forearmed in the struggle for the accurate, ‘truthful’ information that is required for the informed choice of true freedom and the healthy functioning of a real democracy. This book at least suggests that we should consider everything we read and hear skeptically. Like the old adage says, ‘Don’t believe everything you read in the paper’ or any media or out of anyone’s mouth without irrefutable proof, which probably means that everything we ‘know’ should be considered in the way scientists conceive ideas, hypotheses, theories and data – with doubt and skepticism.] ‘Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media’ by Edward S. Herman and noam Chomsky.
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[Editorial Reviews]
Amazon.com Review
An absolutely brilliant analysis of the ways in which individuals and organizations of the media are influenced to shape the social agendas of knowledge and, therefore, belief. Contrary to the popular conception of members of the press as hard-bitten realists doggedly pursuing unpopular truths, Herman and Chomsky prove conclusively that the free-market economics model of media leads inevitably to normative and narrow reporting. Whether or not you've seen the eye-opening movie, buy this book, and you will be a far more knowledgeable person and much less prone to having your beliefs manipulated as easily as the press. -------------------------------------------------------------
From ‘Publishers Weekly’
Herman of Wharton and Chomsky of MIT lucidly document their argument that America's government and its corporate giants exercise control over what we read, see and hear. The authors identify the forces that they contend make the national media propagandisticthe major three being the motivation for profit through ad revenue, the media's close links to and often ownership by corporations, and their acceptance of information from biased sources. In five case studies, the writers show how TV, newspapers and radio distort world events. For example, the authors maintain that "it would have been very difficult for the Guatemalan government to murder tens of thousands over the past decade if the U.S. press had provided the kind of coverage they gave to the difficulties of Andrei Sakharov or the murder of Jerzy Popieluszko in Poland." Such allegations would be routine were it not for the excellent research behind this book's controversial charges. Extensive evidence is calmly presented, and in the end an indictment against the guardians of our freedoms is substantiated. A disturbing picture emerges of a news system that panders to the interests of America's privileged and neglects its duties when the concerns of minority groups and the underclass are at stake. First serial to the Progressive.
Copyright 1988 Reed Business Information, Inc.
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[Most Helpful Customer Reviews:]
276 of 300 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Ciritical to understanding press censorship in America., April 19, 1998
By A Customer
Manufacturing Consent, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's 1988 analysis of press censorship in America, is an insightful look at the ways public opinion and choices can be molded by dominating interests in a free society. Its value lies in the model Herman and Chomsky develop and test to account for this censorship; while they limit their investigation to a few specific cases -- three 1980s Central American elections, the alleged 1981 KGB-Bulgarian plot to kill the Pope, and the Indochina Wars -- their model is testable and can be applied and modified to a variety of events.
Obviously, not all happenings in the world can fit between the covers of the New York Times. Herman and Chomsky outline five filters, interrelated to some extent, through which these events must pass in order to become newsworthy. First, huge transnational businesses own much of the media - a fact probably more true now than in 1988 with Disney, Westinghouse, and Microsoft bullying in on the news markets. The corporate interests of these companies need not, and probably do not, coincide with the public's interests, and, consequently, some news and some interpretations of news stories critical of business interests will probably not make it to press.
Secondly, since advertising is crucial to keeping subscription costs low, media will shape their news away from serious investigative documentaries to more entertaining revues in order to keep viewer or reader interest and will cater to the audience to which the advertising is directed; before advertising became central to keeping a paper competitive, working class papers, for example, were much more prevalent, leading to a much broader range of interpretations of events (and thus more room for a reader to make up his own mind) than can be found by perusing the pages of the Wall Street Journal and the Boston Globe.
Thirdly, media depend crucially on sources and these sources will inescapably have their own agendas. Reliability of information should be important (although it may not be as shown by the tabloidization of the mass media in Monica Lewinsky affair), but the press also needs a steady stream of events to make into news. This leads to a reliance on the public relations bureaucracies of government and corporate agencies for whom some measure of accepted credibility exists and who will also probably have a statement about major happenings. However, by relying substantially on the statements these parties, the media becomes less an investigative body and more a megaphone for propaganda; independent confirmation of facts as well as interpretation eludes it.
Fourthly, there are costs to producing an incendiary news item -- one which attacks powerful interests whether they be advertisers, government agencies, corporate bodies, or public interest groups. According to the previous three filters, the media relies on these interests for its survival and cannot afford their sustained censure. While none of these filters guarantee that a news item attacking one of these interested parties will not appear, the story is likely to be spun in a way to minimize fallout or flak which may compromise its integrity.
Since they wrote at the end of the Reagan years, Herman and Chomsky's final filter is anti-communism, but it may be any prevailing ideology. The assumptions behind ideologies, almost by definition, are rarely challenged; ideologies organize the world, constructing frames into which news events can be placed for easy interpretation: Communism is evil; the domino effect is an actual phenomenon; America is right. This past February there was no hint in the domestic press that there could be any response to Iraq's intransigence other than bombing, making the contrary opinions of the vast majority of the world unintelligible. In domestic affairs, article after article praises various organizations on increasing the diversity of their membership -- diversity being always ethnic and racial diversity without ever asking why racial and ethnic diversity is necessarily relevant in the first place (as opposed to diversity of political opinion, for example).
Mark Twain said, "It was a narrow escape. If the sheep had been created first, man would have been a plagiarism." Manufacturing Consent asks us to challenge our assumptions about the way the world works, urges us to conscientiously separate the agendas behind the news we consume from the facts within, and demonstrates the danger of a monopolistic media cartel to purported American ideals of popular governance. It is essential reading for anyone who wants to break out of the flock and construct her own informed opinions about world affairs.
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109 of 128 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars A tour de force, December 17, 2000
By Marco Polo
A tour de force, co-authored by one of the world's leading experts on language and meaning. In this book, Herman and Chomsky put forward a "propaganda model" to explain the bias in Western (mostly US) media on international affairs. Their thesis is that, although the US is not a dictatorship where a single leader can censor the press, the very market forces that lead people to believe in the freedom of their press actually work to create a self-imposed censorship which creates a biased media, more intent on delivering audiences to their advertisers and vital corporate sponsors than in providing their readers with balanced and informed news. The authors back up their theory with a large number of examples, and focus on 3 main topics: Latin America, Vietnam and the attempt on the life of the Pope in 1981. Using extensive quotations from US contemporary media reports, and comparing them with official sources such as government documents, White House memos, State Department press releases, as well as reports in non-US-based media, Herman and Chomsky are able to bolster their thesis of a propaganda model, and show that US media reports are nearly always skewed to show the US and its allies as the "good guys", and other (enemy) states as the "bad guys". When "they" do it, it's called "terrorism", when "we" do it, it's called "fighting for democracy and freedom."
Such a statement seems too blatantly simplistic to require serious consideration; nevertheless, the authors do give it very serious consideration, and the evidence they have scrupulously collected is hard to refute. Moreover, their propaganda model helps to explain why and how this can be so, even (indeed, particularly) in a "free democracy": a number of filters act to screen out unwelcome aspects of news.
A startling eye-opener, very well researched and cogently, passionately argued. These authors care intensely about lives lost due to state-sponsored violence, whether that state is the US or the Soviet Union or anywhere else. A must-read for students of media and communication, and indeed any intelligent reader curious about the forces that shape what actually appears in their newspapers and television news." - Amazon.com on Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
Edward S. Herman [1925 - ], an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. He is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Noam Chomsky [1928 - ], an American born linguist, philosopher and political activist who serves as a professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is considered by many to be the father of modern linguistics. He has authored more than 150 books to date and is known as much for his prolific writing as his political descent and anarchy.
[ http://www.amazon.com/Manufacturing-Consent-Political-Economy-Media/dp/0375714499/ref=pd_sim_b_1 ] Downloaded on 12th June, 2011.
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"The times call for courage. The times call for hard work. But if the demands are high, it is because the stakes are even higher. They are nothing less than the future of liberty, which means the future of civilization." - Henry Hazlitt
[1894 – 1993], an American economist, philosopher, literary critic and journalist. Quote published in 'Biography of Henry Hazlitt'. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
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"Perhaps one of the most important accomplishments of my administration has been minding my own business. Government shouldn't play a part in everyday life." - Calvin Coolidge
[1872 – 1933], the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer. As Vice-President he succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.
After leaving office some criticized Coolidge as part of a general criticism of laissez-faire government. His reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan Administration, but the ultimate assessment of his presidency is still divided between those who approve of his reduction of the size of government programs and those who believe the federal government should be more involved in regulating and controlling the economy.
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"Consider and if necessary critique policies, especially economic policies, in terms of the incentives they create for all stakeholders, rather than the goals they proclaim. Whenever a politician does not fully consider the incentives for each and all involved in any policies contemplated or initiated they will get unintended, unexpected consequences, which are usually bad. And while you are carefully considering what process and result would be seen spend time trying to work out what would be unseen - for example what is the opportunity cost of doing this rather than something else? The reason the incentives are so important is that in a free society, people must want and then choose the actions and results proposed, or else they will try to do something else and then the policy will fail or enforcement will become necessary and force is no way to run a happy, fulfilling society." - Seymour@imagi-natives.com
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"A liberal [as in a believer in socialist, statist views, for example a Democrat or Labor voter, rather than a believer in classical liberal or libertarian views] is someone who feels a great debt to his fellow man, which debt he proposes to pay off with your money." - G. Gordon Liddy
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"One-tenth of the folks run the world. One-tenth watch them run it, and the other eighty percent don't know what the hell's going on." - Jake Simmons
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"That which the Fascists hate above all else, is intelligence." - Miguel De Unamuno
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"There are no true friends in politics. We are all sharks circling, and waiting, for traces of blood to appear in the water." - Alan Clark
English politician
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"There is no such thing as society: there are individual men and women, and there are families." - Margaret Thatcher
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"Evil is easy, and has infinite forms. [Therefore, virtue is a challenging and narrow path.]" - Blaise Pascal
Famous French mathematician and philosopher.
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"[All politicians, who believe that government should be in charge, should remember...] Concentrated power is not rendered harmless by the good intentions of those who create it." - Milton Friedman
Famous economist
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"It is easy to believe in freedom of speech for those with whom we agree." - Leo Mckern
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"Happy is the man [or woman] who hath never known what it is to taste of fame - to have it is a purgatory, to want it is a Hell!" - Edward G. Bulwer-Lytton
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"No cause is helpless if it is just. Errors, no matter how popular, carry the seeds of their own destruction." - John W. Scoville
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"Without [civilised] culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle." - Albert Camus
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"I feel that the Godhead is broken up like the bread at the Supper, and that we are the pieces. Hence this infinite fraternity of feeling." - Herman Melville
Famous author
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"Privacy is not something that I'm merely entitled to, it's an absolute prerequisite." - Marlon Brando
Famous film actor
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"In every man there is something wherein I may learn of him, and in that I am his pupil. [as is true of every woman also!]" - Ralph Waldo Emerson
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"Great men [and women] are the guideposts and landmarks in the state." - Edmund Burke
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"[Freedom, informed choice and] Reason can in general do more than blind force." - Gaius C. Gallus
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"The Constitution gives every American the inalienable right to make a damn fool of himself [and to fail, as well as to succeed]." - John Ciardi
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"So long as men worship the Caesars and Napoleons, the Caesars and Napoleons will arise to make them miserable." - Aldous Huxley
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"Little kindnesses... will broaden your heart, and slowly you will habituate yourself to helping your fellow man in many ways." - Zadik
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"True independence and freedom can only exist in doing what's right." - Brigham Young
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"Everyone is necessarily the hero of his [or her] own life story." - John Barth
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"...[US] presidents who lose control of one house of Congress in midterm elections turn to foreign policy [including military conflicts and wars] because it is a place they retain the power to act [and appear presidential]. " - George Friedman
Stratfor.com - Global intelligence for everyone. Published May 24, 2011.
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"[Prohibition:] Your mistake is failing to recognize that the very measures you favor are a major source of the evils you deplore. Of course the problem is demand, but it is not only demand, it is demand that must operate through repressed and illegal channels. Illegality creates obscene profits that finance the murderous tactics of the drug lords; illegality leads to the corruption of law enforcement officials; illegality monopolizes the efforts of honest law forces so that they are starved for resources to fight the simpler crimes of robbery, theft and assault." - Milton Friedman
Famous economist. From 'An Open Letter to Bill Bennett', September 7, 1989.
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"The First Amendment [to the US Constitution, protects the right to freedom of expression, among other things, but] is not a tool of the press. It is a tool of the people. It is not nearly so much a protector of the media as it is a protector of the people's right to know, their right to hear the ideas of others, and their right to have their ideas heard without interference from the government." - Fred Schnaubelt
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"[Self-Defense and Martial Arts:] The right of self defence is the first law of nature: in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible. Wherever standing armies are kept up, and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is, under any colour or pretext whatsoever, prohibited, liberty, if not already annihilated, is on the brink of destruction." - St. George Tucker
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"Do you not see, first, that — as a mental abstract — physical force is directly opposed to morality; and, secondly, that it practically drives out of existence the moral forces? How can an act done under compulsion have any moral element in it, seing that what is moral is the free act of an intelligent being? If you tie a man's hands there is nothing moral about his not committting murder. Such an abstaining from murder is a mechanical act; and just the same in kind, though less in degree, are the acts which men are compelled to do under penalties imposed upon them by their fellow men. Those who would drive their fellow men into the performance of any good actions do not see that the very elements of morality — the free act following on the free choice — are as much absent in those upon whom they practice their legislation as in a flock of sheep penned in by hurdles." - Auberon Herbert
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"Is there no virtue among us? If there be not, we are in a wretched situation. No theoretical checks -- no form of government can render us secure. To suppose liberty or happiness without any virtue in the people, is a chimerical idea. If there be sufficient virtue and intelligence in the community, it will be exercised in the selection of these men [in a democracy]. So that we do not depend on their virtue, or put confidence in our rulers, but in the people who are to choose them." - James Madison
Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention, June 20, 1788
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"I see, ... and with the deepest affliction, the rapid strides with which the federal branch of our government is advancing towards the usurpation of all the rights reserved to the States [in the US Constitution], and the consolidation in itself of all powers, foreign and domestic; and that, too, by constructions which, if legitimate, leave no limits to their power.... It is but too evident that the three ruling branches of [the Federal government] are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic." - Thomas Jefferson
Letter to William Branch Giles, 1825.
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"[Self-Defence and Martial Arts: The right to bear arms - The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: 'A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.'] You cannot invade the mainland United States. There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass." - Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
[1884 – 1943], a Japanese Naval Marshal General and the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II. He held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War and so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway.
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"The American people will never knowingly adopt socialism. But under the name of 'liberalism' they will adopt every fragment of the socialist program, until one day America will be a socialist nation, without knowing how it happened." - Norman Thomas
Six-time Socialist presidential candidate, Speech, 1944.
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"Like all the members of the military profession, I never had a thought of my own until I left the service. My mental faculties remained in suspended animation while I obeyed the orders of higher-ups. This is typical with everyone in the military service." - Smedley Butler
Major General US Marine Corp.
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"Life is a long lesson in humility. " - James M. Barrie
[1860 - 1937], novelist, short-story writer, and playwright.
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"The hands that help are better far,
Than lips that pray.
Love is the ever gleaming star,
That leads the way,
That shines, not on vague worlds of bliss,
But on a paradise in this." - Robert Green Ingersoll
[1833 - 1899], lawyer and orator.
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